What is atrial fibrillation?

Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a condition where the heart beats in an irregular and often fast pattern. It starts in the upper chambers of the heart, where electrical signals become disorganized. Instead of beating in a steady rhythm, the heart may feel like it’s fluttering or racing.

This can affect how well blood moves through the body and may increase the risk of serious complications like stroke.

AFib happens when the heart’s electrical system doesn’t work as it should. Several factors can increase the risk, including:

• High blood pressure or heart disease
• Getting older
• Thyroid problems
• Obesity or diabetes
• Sleep apnea
• Lung conditions
• Alcohol or stimulant use
• Family history of heart rhythm problems

Symptoms

AFib can feel different from person to person. Some people notice symptoms right away, while others may not feel anything at all.

Common symptoms include:

• A racing, fluttering, or irregular heartbeat
• Shortness of breath
• Tiredness or low energy
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Chest discomfort
• Swelling in the legs or ankles

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will begin by discussing your symptoms and overall health. A physical exam is usually followed by heart rhythm testing.

The most common test is an electrocardiogram (ECG), which records your heart’s electrical activity. If your symptoms come and go, you may wear a portable monitor for a longer period to capture irregular rhythms.

Additional tests, such as an echocardiogram or blood work, may be used to understand the cause and guide treatment.

How is it treated?

Treatment focuses on improving heart rhythm, preventing complications, and helping you feel better.

Early treatment options may include:

• Medications to slow the heart rate
• Medicines to keep the rhythm steady
• Blood thinners to lower stroke risk

If symptoms continue or medications aren’t enough, more advanced care may be recommended:

• Cardioversion: A controlled electrical shock to reset the heart rhythm
• Catheter ablation: A minimally invasive procedure that targets problem areas in the heart
• Surgery or device therapy: In select cases, to support heart rhythm control

Many people manage AFib successfully with ongoing care. Healthy habits—like staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and limiting alcohol—can also make a meaningful difference.