What Is Chronic Pancreatitis?

Chronic pancreatitis is long-term inflammation of the pancreas that causes permanent damage over time. The pancreas plays an important role in digestion and blood sugar control, so ongoing inflammation can affect how the body processes food and regulates glucose.

As the condition progresses, scar tissue may form in the pancreas. This can lead to chronic pain, digestive problems, and other health complications.

Long-term alcohol use is one of the most common causes of chronic pancreatitis. Other possible causes include:

• Smoking
• Repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis
• Autoimmune conditions
• Genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis
• Blocked pancreatic ducts
• Tumors affecting the pancreas

In some cases, the exact cause is unknown.

Symptoms

Symptoms of chronic pancreatitis may develop slowly or come and go over time. Many people experience pain that becomes more noticeable after eating.

Common symptoms include:

• Pain in the upper abdomen or back
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weight loss
• Diarrhea
• Greasy or oily stools
• Poor appetite
• Ongoing or recurring abdominal pain

Over time, chronic pancreatitis can make it harder for the body to absorb nutrients. Some people may also develop diabetes if the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin.

How Is It Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose chronic pancreatitis by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle factors. A physical exam and blood tests can help evaluate pancreatic function and check for nutritional problems.

Imaging tests are often used to look for inflammation, scarring, or blocked ducts. These tests may include CT scans, MRI or MRCP imaging, ultrasound, or endoscopic ultrasound. In certain situations, ERCP may also be used to examine or treat pancreatic duct problems.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment for chronic pancreatitis focuses on relieving symptoms, supporting digestion, and preventing further damage to the pancreas.

Treatment may include:

• Pain management
• Pancreatic enzyme supplements with meals
• Vitamin and nutrition support
• Insulin treatment if diabetes develops
• Eating smaller, low-fat meals
• Avoiding alcohol and smoking

During severe flare-ups, hospital care may be needed for IV fluids, pain control, and nutrition support.

Some people may benefit from endoscopic procedures or surgery to relieve blocked ducts or manage complications. While chronic pancreatitis cannot usually be cured, ongoing treatment and healthy lifestyle changes can help improve quality of life and reduce flare-ups.