What is autoimmune hepatitis?

Autoimmune hepatitis is a long-term liver condition that happens when the immune system attacks healthy liver tissue. This causes inflammation inside the liver and can make it harder for the liver to do its important jobs, including filtering toxins and helping with digestion.

The condition can develop slowly, and some people may not notice symptoms right away. Without treatment, ongoing inflammation can lead to scarring of the liver over time.

Healthcare providers do not fully understand what causes autoimmune hepatitis. Experts believe it may develop from a combination of immune system changes and genetic factors. The condition is more common in women and may occur alongside other autoimmune diseases, such as thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, or type 1 diabetes.

Symptoms

Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis can range from mild to severe. Some people feel well in the early stages, while others develop noticeable signs of liver inflammation.

Common symptoms may include:

• Feeling unusually tired
• Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
• Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen
• Joint pain
• Itchy skin
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Dark-colored urine
• Pale stools
• Swelling in the abdomen
• Easy bruising or bleeding

How is it diagnosed?

Diagnosing autoimmune hepatitis usually begins with a review of your symptoms, medical history, and a physical exam. Blood tests can help identify signs of liver inflammation and look for antibodies linked to autoimmune disease.

Imaging tests such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans may be used to evaluate the liver and rule out other conditions. In many cases, a liver biopsy is also recommended. During this procedure, a small sample of liver tissue is examined to confirm the diagnosis and assess the amount of inflammation or scarring.

How is it treated?

Treatment focuses on lowering inflammation and protecting the liver from further damage. Many people are treated with medications that calm the immune system, including corticosteroids and other immunosuppressant medicines.

Regular follow-up visits and blood tests help providers monitor how well treatment is working. Some people may need medication for many years to keep the disease under control.

When autoimmune hepatitis is treated early, many people are able to manage symptoms successfully and reduce the risk of complications. In severe cases that lead to liver failure, a liver transplant may be considered.