What is Viral Gastroenteritis?

Viral gastroenteritis is an infection that irritates the stomach and intestines. It is often called a stomach virus or stomach bug. The condition can cause diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and other digestive symptoms.

Most people recover within a few days without serious problems. The biggest concern is dehydration, which happens when the body loses too much fluid from vomiting or diarrhea.

Several viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including norovirus and rotavirus. These viruses spread easily through contaminated food, water, surfaces, or close contact with someone who is sick. Outbreaks are common in places where people gather closely together, such as schools, daycare centers, cruise ships, and nursing homes.

Symptoms and Causes

Viral gastroenteritis symptoms often begin suddenly and may range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include:

• Watery diarrhea
• Nausea or vomiting
• Stomach cramps
• Fever or chills
• Headache
• Fatigue or body aches

How is it Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers usually diagnose viral gastroenteritis based on symptoms and a physical exam. They may ask about recent illness exposure, travel, or foods you have eaten.

Testing is not always needed. In some cases, stool tests may be used if symptoms are severe, last longer than expected, or include blood.

How is it Treated?

Treatment for viral gastroenteritis focuses on preventing dehydration and helping the body recover.

Most people improve with:

• Rest
• Drinking plenty of fluids
• Oral rehydration drinks to replace lost electrolytes
• Eating bland, easy-to-digest foods as symptoms improve

It is best to avoid alcohol, caffeine, and greasy or heavy foods until recovery is underway.

Severe dehydration may require IV fluids or additional medical care, especially for young children, older adults, or people with weakened immune systems.

Antibiotics are not used to treat viral gastroenteritis because viruses—not bacteria—cause the infection.