What Is Uterine Prolapse?

Uterine prolapse occurs when the muscles and tissues that support the uterus become weak or stretched. As support decreases, the uterus can shift downward into the vagina. In more advanced cases, it may extend outside the vaginal opening.

This condition is more common after childbirth and menopause, but it can affect women of different ages. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to problems with bladder or bowel function.

Several factors can weaken the pelvic floor and increase the risk of uterine prolapse, including:

• Pregnancy and vaginal childbirth
• Aging and menopause
• Obesity
• Chronic coughing
• Frequent heavy lifting
• Constipation and repeated straining
• Smoking
• Family history of pelvic floor problems

Symptoms

Uterine prolapse can develop slowly over time. Some women notice only mild symptoms, while others experience discomfort that affects daily activities.

Common symptoms may include:

• A feeling of pressure or heaviness in the pelvis
• A bulge or sensation that something is falling out of the vagina
• Urine leakage
• Trouble emptying the bladder completely
• Lower back pain
• Constipation or straining during bowel movements
• Vaginal spotting or unusual discharge

How Is It Diagnosed?

A healthcare provider typically diagnoses uterine prolapse with a pelvic exam and a review of your symptoms. During the visit, your provider may ask about bladder control, bowel habits, and pelvic discomfort.

If urinary symptoms are present, additional testing may be recommended to evaluate bladder function. Imaging tests such as MRI or ultrasound may also be used in some cases to better view pelvic organs and surrounding structures.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on how severe the prolapse is and how much symptoms interfere with daily life. Many women improve with nonsurgical treatment.

Conservative treatment options may include:

• Pelvic floor exercises, such as Kegels
• Weight management
• Avoiding heavy lifting
• Treating constipation and chronic coughing
• Using a vaginal pessary to help support the uterus

When symptoms are more severe or do not improve, surgery may be recommended to repair pelvic support tissues. Some women may also need a hysterectomy, depending on their condition and treatment goals.

Recovery time varies based on the procedure performed. Many patients return to normal routines gradually over several weeks.