What is ulcerative colitis?

Ulcerative colitis is a long-term condition that causes inflammation in the lining of the large intestine and rectum. It belongs to a group of digestive diseases called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

The inflammation can lead to sores in the colon, which may cause bleeding, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. Symptoms often come and go over time, with periods of improvement followed by flare-ups.

The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is not fully understood. Experts believe the immune system may mistakenly attack healthy tissue in the digestive tract. Genetics can also play a role, especially for people with a family history of IBD.

Symptoms

Ulcerative colitis affects everyone differently. Some people have mild symptoms, while others experience more severe digestive problems.

Common symptoms may include:

• Frequent diarrhea, sometimes with blood
• Belly pain or cramping
• Urgent bowel movements
• Rectal bleeding
• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Loss of appetite

Some people may also develop symptoms outside the digestive tract, including:

• Joint pain
• Eye irritation or redness
• Skin rashes
• Weak bones or osteoporosis

How is it diagnosed?

A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and perform a physical exam. Several tests may be used to confirm ulcerative colitis and rule out other digestive conditions.

Common diagnostic tests include:

• Blood tests to check for anemia or inflammation
• Stool tests to look for infection or signs of intestinal inflammation
• Colonoscopy to examine the colon and collect tissue samples
• Biopsy to confirm inflammation under a microscope
• Imaging studies when needed to evaluate complications

Early diagnosis can help reduce inflammation and prevent complications over time.

How is it treated?

Treatment for ulcerative colitis focuses on controlling inflammation, easing symptoms, and helping you stay in remission.

Treatment options may include:

• Anti-inflammatory medications
• Immune system suppressing medicines
• Short-term steroid treatment during flare-ups
• Biologic therapies for moderate to severe disease
• Nutrition support and hydration
• Diet adjustments to avoid foods that worsen symptoms

Severe flare-ups sometimes require hospital care for fluids, nutrition, or close monitoring.

If medications no longer control symptoms or serious complications develop, surgery may be recommended. Surgery may involve removing part or all of the colon.

Many people with ulcerative colitis are able to manage symptoms successfully and maintain active daily lives with ongoing treatment and regular care.