What is a traumatic brain injury?

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a sudden hit, jolt, or penetrating injury disrupts how the brain works. The damage can be mild, like a concussion, or more serious and affect multiple areas of the brain. In severe cases, it can lead to long-term disability or be life-threatening.

Symptoms and Causes

Symptoms can vary depending on how serious the injury is and which part of the brain is affected.

Common symptoms may include:

• Headache or dizziness
• Confusion or trouble concentrating
• Memory problems
• Nausea or vomiting
• Sensitivity to light or noise
• Trouble speaking or understanding words
• Mood changes, including irritability or sadness
• Weakness, poor balance, or coordination issues
• Seizures or loss of consciousness in severe cases

Common causes include:

• Falls, especially in older adults and young children
• Car or motorcycle accidents
• Sports injuries
• Physical assaults or violence
• Sudden shaking or impact to the head

How is it diagnosed?

A healthcare provider will begin with a physical exam and check brain function, including memory, balance, and alertness. Imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs are used to detect bleeding, swelling, or other damage. These tools help determine the severity of the injury and guide treatment.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the severity of the injury.

• Mild injuries may only require rest, monitoring, and symptom management
• Moderate to severe injuries may need hospital care, medications, or surgery to reduce pressure or bleeding in the brain
• Rehabilitation is often an important part of recovery and may include physical, speech, and occupational therapy

Recovery looks different for everyone. Some people improve within weeks, while others may need ongoing support and therapy.