What is transverse myelitis?
Transverse myelitis is a rare condition that causes inflammation in the spinal cord. The spinal cord carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body, so inflammation can interrupt those signals and affect movement, sensation, and body functions.
Doctors do not always know the exact cause of transverse myelitis. In some cases, it develops after a viral or bacterial infection. It may also be linked to autoimmune conditions such as lupus or multiple sclerosis, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Rarely, it can occur after a vaccination or another immune response.
Symptoms can appear quickly or develop over several days. The condition may affect people differently depending on which area of the spinal cord is involved.
Symptoms
Transverse myelitis can cause a wide range of symptoms. Some people notice mild changes at first, while others develop more serious problems with movement or sensation.
Common symptoms include:
- Back or neck pain
- Weakness in the arms or legs
- Numbness or tingling
- Burning or unusual skin sensations
- Difficulty walking or balancing
- Increased sensitivity to touch
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosing transverse myelitis starts with a physical exam and a review of your symptoms and medical history. Your provider may ask when symptoms began and how quickly they changed.
Testing often includes an MRI to look for inflammation or damage in the spinal cord. Blood tests and a lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, may help identify infections, autoimmune diseases, or other neurological conditions that can cause similar symptoms.
How is it treated?
Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, managing symptoms, and supporting recovery. Many people begin treatment with high-dose corticosteroids to calm the immune system and limit spinal cord damage.
If symptoms are severe or do not improve with steroids, plasma exchange therapy may be recommended. This treatment removes harmful antibodies from the blood. Pain-relieving medications may also help manage discomfort.
Physical therapy and occupational therapy are often important parts of recovery. Rehabilitation can help improve strength, coordination, mobility, and daily function. Some people recover fully, while others may continue to experience weakness, stiffness, or bladder and bowel problems over time.
Recovery can take weeks, months, or longer depending on the severity of the condition.
