What is torticollis?
Torticollis is a condition that causes the neck to twist or tilt in an unusual position. The head may lean to one side while the chin turns in the opposite direction. The condition can affect infants, children, and adults.
Torticollis can happen for several reasons. In babies, it is often related to tight neck muscles that developed before or during birth. In older children and adults, it may be linked to:
- Muscle strain or injury
- Poor sleeping position
- Sudden neck movement
- Viral or bacterial infections
- Inflammation in the neck
- Cervical spine problems
- Herniated disks
- Scar tissue after injury or burns
Some cases are present at birth, while others develop later from muscle strain, injury, inflammation, or problems affecting the spine or nerves. Treatment can often improve movement, reduce pain, and help restore normal neck position.
Symptoms
Torticollis can develop suddenly or gradually, depending on the cause. Symptoms may range from mild stiffness to significant discomfort and limited movement.
Common symptoms include:
- Head tilted to one side
- Difficulty turning the head normally
- Neck pain or tightness
- Muscle spasms in the neck
- Shoulder discomfort
- Headaches
- Limited range of motion
In infants, parents may notice that a baby prefers turning the head in one direction or develops a flattened spot on the head from staying in the same position.
How is it diagnosed?
A healthcare provider usually diagnoses torticollis with a physical exam and a review of symptoms and medical history. They will check neck movement, muscle tightness, and head positioning.
Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI may be recommended if there is concern about a spinal problem, injury, or another underlying condition. In infants, providers may also evaluate growth and development to look for related concerns.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the cause, age, and severity of symptoms. Most people improve with non-surgical care.
Common treatments may include:
- Physical therapy and stretching exercises
- Heat therapy or massage
- Medicines to reduce pain or muscle spasms
- Temporary neck support collars
- Treatment for infections or inflammation
For persistent or severe cases, additional treatment such as botulinum toxin injections or surgery may be considered.
Recovery varies from person to person. Many infants respond well when treatment starts early, and adults often improve with therapy, medication, and activity changes. Some people may need ongoing exercises to help prevent symptoms from returning.
