What is Tetanus?
Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and muscles. It happens when bacteria enter the body through a cut, puncture wound, or other break in the skin and release harmful toxins.
Tetanus is caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani. These bacteria are normally found in soil, dust, and animal waste. People are at higher risk after deep or dirty wounds, especially if they are not up to date on tetanus vaccinations.
The infection can cause painful muscle stiffness and spasms, especially in the jaw and neck. Tetanus is uncommon in the United States because of routine vaccination, but it still requires urgent medical care when it occurs.
Symptoms
Symptoms of tetanus often begin several days after bacteria enter the body through a wound. The condition can become severe without prompt treatment.
Common symptoms may include:
- Jaw tightness or “lockjaw”
- Muscle stiffness in the neck, back, or stomach
- Painful muscle spasms
- Trouble swallowing
- Fever
- Sweating
- Fast heartbeat
- Breathing difficulty in severe cases
How is it diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose tetanus by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and recent injuries. A physical exam can help identify muscle stiffness and spasms that are common with the infection.
Providers will also ask about vaccination history and evaluate any cuts or puncture wounds. Tetanus is usually diagnosed based on symptoms rather than a lab test.
How is it treated?
Tetanus requires immediate medical treatment. Care often begins with cleaning the wound to remove bacteria and damaged tissue.
Treatment may include:
- Tetanus antitoxin medicine
- Antibiotics
- Medicines to reduce muscle spasms and pain
- IV fluids and supportive hospital care
- Breathing support if muscle spasms affect the lungs
Recovery can take weeks or longer, depending on how severe the infection becomes. Early treatment can help lower the risk of serious complications.
