What is Takayasu arteritis?
Takayasu arteritis is a rare autoimmune disease. It causes redness and swelling (inflammation) of the large arteries. It’s a rare disease that’s much more common in young women. It is also believed to be more common in people from East Asia, India, and South America.
An autoimmune disease is caused by a problem with the immune system. The immune system’s job is to protect the body from disease. It does this by attacking things in the body, such as viruses, that may cause harm. When you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system attacks your own body. With Takayasu arteritis, the immune system attacks the walls of arteries.
Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood throughout your body. Arteries send blood from the heart out to the body. Takayasu arteritis mostly affects the aorta and its main branches. The aorta is the large artery that leads from the heart. When your immune system attacks your arteries, it causes inflammation. This can damage your arteries.
What causes Takayasu arteritis?
Researchers are working to understand the cause of the disease. An infection by a virus or bacteria may cause Takayasu arteritis if you have a weak immune system. Genes may be part of the cause.
What are the symptoms of Takayasu arteritis?
Takayasu arteritis causes inflammation of your arteries, which may lead to symptoms such as:
Tiredness
Weight loss
Low fever
Over time, inflammation will damage your arteries. It can cause one of your arteries to be partly blocked (stenosis). Or it can cause a complete blockage of one of your arteries (occlusion). It also can cause the walls of an artery to become weaker. The weakened artery will then inflate and bulge. This is called an aneurysm. An aneurysm can cause tearing of the artery. Bleeding of your artery will cause serious problems or even death.
Your symptoms will depend on the artery affected. Possible symptoms include:
Legs and arms feeling cooler than normal
Pain when you move your legs or arms
Open sores or dead skin on your arms or legs
Pain in your muscles or joints
Belly (abdominal) pain or diarrhea
Chest pain
Trouble breathing
Coughing up blood
Loss of your sense of balance
Sudden loss of consciousness
How is Takayasu arteritis diagnosed?
There is no one test that can diagnose Takayasu arteritis. Many of its symptoms are similar to those of other diseases. For these reasons, and because it is so rare, your healthcare provider may not easily recognize and diagnose it.
Your healthcare provider will ask about your medical history and your symptoms. You will have a physical exam. During the exam, your provider may:
Measure your blood pressure. Low blood pressure or different levels of blood pressure in each of your arms are common signs of Takayasu arteritis.
Feel your pulse. A slower pulse in one or both of your arms is another common sign.
Listen to your arteries. This is done using a stethoscope. If you have any blocked arteries, they will make a noise called bruit.
You may also have a blood test. This checks your levels of C-reactive protein and alpha-2 globulin protein. Your blood will have higher levels of these if your arteries are inflamed.
You may also have an imaging test of the large arteries. This is an important part of the diagnosis. These tests are done to look for blocked or inflated arteries. Your healthcare provider may use one or more of the below:
Ultrasound. This uses sound waves to create images of your arteries.
Angiography. This is done by injecting a dye into your artery while taking X-ray images.
CT angiography (CTA). This also uses a series of X-rays to create a detailed image, with a dye.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). This uses magnetic waves with or without contrast dye to take a picture without using X-rays.
How is Takayasu arteritis treated?
A main goal of treatment is to reduce damage to your arteries. This is done by taking medicine that reduces inflammation. You may be given medicine such as:
Glucocorticoid medicine. Prednisone is a glucocorticoid medicine that can help treat Takayasu arteritis. Taking this for a long time can damage your bones. Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements may help prevent this damage. This medicine may not work for all people.
Immunosuppressant medicine. This may be given if prednisone doesn’t work for you, or stops working. This medicine suppresses the immune system and helps prevent the inflammation. The medicines include methotrexate and azathioprine. These medicines may not work for all people.
Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF). Etanercept and infliximab are two examples of anti-TNF medicine.
Surgery
Your healthcare provider will need to watch the health of your large arteries on a regular basis. You will have blood tests and imaging tests such as MRA or CTA.
If one of your arteries becomes very narrow, you may need surgery (called revascularization) to repair it. This surgery can be done with angioplasty or a bypass graft:
Angioplasty. The artery is made wider.
Bypass graft. The blood flow is sent around the blocked part of the artery by attaching part of another blood vessel around it.
What are possible complications of Takayasu arteritis?
Possible complications are caused by blocked arteries. They can vary depending on which artery is blocked and may include problems such as:
High blood pressure
Heart attack
Stroke
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Seizures
Key points about Takayasu arteritis
Takayasu arteritis is a rare autoimmune disease. It causes inflammation of the large arteries. Over time, this can cause blockage of the arteries.
Most of the symptoms of Takayasu arteritis result from blockage of your arteries.
Medicines are given to reduce the inflammation and prevent blockage of the arteries.
Your arteries will need to be checked regularly.
If your artery is almost fully blocked, you may need surgery to fix the problem.
Next steps
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:
Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
li>Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.
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