What is spinal cord compression?

Spinal cord compression happens when something presses on the spinal cord. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that sends messages between your brain and the rest of your body. When the spinal cord is under pressure, those signals can’t travel properly.

This condition can develop anywhere along the spine, from the neck down to the lower back. The effects depend on where the pressure occurs and how severe it is.

Common causes include:

• Wear and tear of the spine with aging
• Herniated discs or bone spurs
• Spine injuries or fractures
• Tumors pressing on the spine
• Infections
• Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis
• Abnormal spine curvature

Symptoms

Spinal cord compression can develop slowly over time or happen suddenly, depending on the cause. Symptoms often start mild and may worsen if not treated.

Common symptoms include:

• Pain in the neck or back
• Burning or shooting pain in the arms or legs
• Numbness or tingling in the hands, arms, or legs
• Muscle weakness
• Trouble walking or staying balanced
• Loss of coordination
• Changes in sexual function

Severe symptoms (need urgent care):

• Loss of bowel or bladder control
• Numbness in the inner thighs or groin area
• Severe weakness in the legs

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will begin with a physical and neurological exam to check your strength, reflexes, and sensation. They’ll also ask about your symptoms and when they started.

Imaging tests are key to confirming the diagnosis. An MRI is most commonly used because it shows detailed images of the spinal cord and surrounding structures. CT scans or X-rays may also help identify bone changes or alignment issues.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the cause and the severity of the compression. Many people start with nonsurgical care.

Conservative treatments may include:

• Medications to reduce pain and inflammation
• Physical therapy to improve strength and mobility
• Bracing to support the spine
• Steroid injections to reduce swelling

If symptoms are severe or getting worse, more advanced care may be needed.

Advanced treatments may include:

• Surgery to relieve pressure on the spinal cord
• Procedures to stabilize the spine
• Radiation therapy if a tumor is involved

Recovery varies from person to person. Early treatment can help prevent long-term nerve damage and improve outcomes.