What Is Sjögren Syndrome?
Sjögren syndrome is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects the body’s moisture-producing glands. The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue, leading to dryness in areas such as the eyes and mouth.
The exact cause of Sjögren syndrome is not fully understood. Researchers believe a combination of genetic and environmental factors may trigger the immune system to attack healthy tissue.
Risk factors may include:
- Female sex
- Family history of autoimmune disease
- Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other autoimmune conditions
While dryness is the most common symptom, Sjögren syndrome can also affect joints, nerves, kidneys, and other parts of the body.
Symptoms
Symptoms can range from mild irritation to more widespread discomfort that affects daily life. Dryness often develops gradually and may worsen over time.
Common symptoms include:
- Dry eyes with burning or gritty feelings
- Dry mouth
- Trouble chewing, swallowing, or speaking
- Dry skin or cracked lips
- Fatigue
- Joint pain or stiffness
- Tooth decay or gum problems
- Vaginal dryness
- Changes in taste or smell
Some people may also experience numbness, muscle inflammation, or digestive concerns.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Sjögren syndrome can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms overlap with many other conditions. Healthcare providers usually begin with a medical history, symptom review, and physical exam.
Additional testing may include:
- Blood tests for autoimmune antibodies
- Eye exams to measure tear production
- Saliva flow testing
- Salivary gland imaging or biopsy
Rheumatologists often help guide diagnosis and long-term management.
How Is It Treated?
There is no cure for Sjögren syndrome, but treatment can help reduce symptoms and improve comfort. Care plans are personalized based on which parts of the body are affected.
Treatment options may include:
- Artificial tears and saliva substitutes
- Prescription medications to reduce inflammation
- Medicines that stimulate saliva or tear production
- Pain management strategies
- Immunosuppressive medications for more severe symptoms
- Regular dental and eye care
Lifestyle changes may also help manage symptoms. Many people benefit from staying hydrated, using humidifiers, and avoiding foods or medications that worsen dryness.
