What Is Sinusitis?
Sinusitis is inflammation or infection of the tissue lining the sinuses. The sinuses are air-filled spaces around the nose and forehead that help produce mucus and keep the airways moist.
Risk factors include:
- Colds or upper respiratory infections
- Seasonal allergies
- Nasal polyps or structural problems in the nose
- Enlarged adenoids
- Smoking or secondhand smoke exposure
- Tooth infections
- Asthma
When the sinuses become blocked, mucus can build up and lead to pressure, pain, and infection. Sinusitis often develops after a cold, allergies, or other conditions that affect the nasal passages.
Symptoms
Symptoms of sinusitis can vary depending on age and how long the condition lasts. Some cases improve quickly, while others become chronic or return often.
Common symptoms include:
- Stuffy or congested nose
- Thick nasal drainage
- Facial pain or pressure
- Headache
- Postnasal drip
- Cough
- Fever
- Sore throat
- Bad breath
- Swelling around the eyes
- Fatigue
Sinusitis is commonly caused by viral infections, but bacteria and allergies can also play a role. Conditions that block normal sinus drainage may increase the risk.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose sinusitis by reviewing symptoms and examining the nose and sinuses. They may ask how long symptoms have lasted and whether they continue to return.
For chronic or severe cases, additional testing may include:
- CT scans of the sinuses
- Nasal cultures
- Allergy testing
- Blood tests in selected cases
These tests help identify infection, inflammation, or blockage inside the sinuses.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the sinusitis.
Many mild cases improve with supportive care, including:
- Rest and hydration
- Saline nasal rinses
- Pain relievers
- Nasal sprays to reduce inflammation
If bacteria are causing the infection, antibiotics may be prescribed. Allergy treatment may also help prevent recurring sinus problems.
For long-term or severe sinus blockage, surgery may be recommended to improve drainage and airflow.
Most people recover fully with appropriate treatment, though chronic sinusitis may require ongoing management.
