What Are Sexually Transmitted Infections?
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections passed from one person to another through sexual contact. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites and may spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
STIs are most commonly spread through unprotected sexual contact. Risk factors include:
- Multiple sexual partners
- Inconsistent condom use
- Previous STI infections
- Sharing needles
- Lack of routine screening
Some STIs cause noticeable symptoms, while others may go undetected for months or years. Early testing and treatment are important to protect your health and help prevent spreading infection to others.
Symptoms
STI symptoms can vary depending on the type of infection. Many people have no symptoms at all.
Possible symptoms include:
- Unusual genital discharge
- Burning or pain during urination
- Genital sores, blisters, or warts
- Pelvic pain
- Rash or itching
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Fever or flu-like symptoms
How Are STIs Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose STIs by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and sexual history. Testing depends on the type of infection being evaluated.
Common tests include:
- Blood tests
- Urine tests
- Swab testing
- Physical examination
- Pap tests and HPV screening
Routine STI screening is recommended for many sexually active individuals, even when symptoms are not present.
How Are STIs Treated?
Treatment depends on the type of infection. Many bacterial STIs can be cured with antibiotics, while viral infections are usually managed with antiviral medicines.
Treatment options may include:
- Antibiotics
- Antiviral medicines
- HIV prevention medicines such as PrEP or PEP
- Vaccination for HPV and hepatitis B
- Follow-up testing and partner treatment
Avoiding sexual activity during treatment can help prevent spreading the infection.
Early treatment lowers the risk of complications such as infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pain, or certain cancers.
