What is seasonal affective disorder?
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a form of depression that appears during certain times of the year. It most often begins in the fall or winter when daylight hours are shorter.
SAD is thought to be linked to reduced sunlight, which can disrupt the body’s internal clock and affect mood-related hormones like serotonin and melatonin. It is more common in adults and tends to affect women more often than men.
Symptoms
SAD symptoms are similar to other types of depression but follow a seasonal pattern.
Common symptoms may include:
- Feeling tired or low on energy most days
- Sleeping more than usual
- Losing interest in activities you once enjoyed
- Withdrawing from friends or family
- Trouble focusing or thinking clearly
- Changes in appetite, especially cravings for carbohydrates
- Weight gain
- Feelings of sadness, guilt, or hopelessness
How is it diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will evaluate your symptoms, medical history, and seasonal patterns. You may be asked about mood changes over time to determine if symptoms follow a yearly cycle. A mental health professional may perform a detailed assessment to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.
How is it treated?
Treatment focuses on improving mood and restoring daily function, often starting with simple approaches.
Common treatment options include:
- Spending more time in natural sunlight
- Light therapy using a specially designed light box
- Counseling, such as cognitive behavioral therapy
- Medications like antidepressants, when needed
Healthy habits like regular exercise, balanced nutrition, social connection and stress management can also make a difference. Many people begin to feel better gradually with consistent treatment.
