What is Sciatica?

Sciatica is a type of nerve pain that starts in the lower back and travels down one leg. It happens when the sciatic nerve becomes irritated or compressed. This nerve is the longest in the body and plays an important role in movement and sensation in the leg.

Possible causes include:

• A herniated or bulging disc in the spine
• Narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis)
• Bone changes related to aging
• Sitting for long periods or poor posture
• Excess body weight
• Conditions like diabetes that affect nerves

Symptoms

Sciatica often begins with discomfort in the lower back that spreads into the leg. The symptoms can vary depending on how much the nerve is affected.

Common symptoms include:

• Pain that moves from the lower back into the buttock and down the leg
• Sharp, burning, or shooting pain in the leg
• Tingling or “pins and needles” sensations
• Numbness in part of the leg or foot
• Muscle weakness in more serious cases

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will begin with a physical exam and ask about your symptoms and medical history. They may check your strength, reflexes, and how certain movements affect your pain.

In some cases, imaging tests like an MRI or X-ray can help identify pressure on the nerve, or nerve tests like electromyography (EMG) are used to evaluate how well the nerve is working.

How is it treated?

Many people find that sciatica improves with time and simple care at home. Treatment usually starts with conservative options.

Common treatments include:

• Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications
• Applying heat or ice to reduce discomfort
• Gentle movement and avoiding long periods of rest
• Physical therapy to improve strength and flexibility

If symptoms continue or worsen, additional treatments may be recommended, such as injections or surgery to relieve pressure on the nerve.

Most people begin to feel better within a few weeks. However, ongoing nerve compression can lead to more serious problems if not treated.