What Is Rubella?
Rubella is a contagious viral illness that is sometimes called German measles. It is caused by the rubella virus and spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets. People who have not received the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine are at higher risk of infection.
Pregnant women who are not immune to rubella are at the greatest risk for serious complications because the virus can lead to birth defects in a developing baby.
The infection spreads through tiny droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While many people recover quickly, rubella can be dangerous during pregnancy because it may affect a developing baby.
Symptoms
Rubella symptoms usually appear about two to three weeks after exposure to the virus. Some people may have very mild symptoms or none at all.
Common symptoms include:
- A pink or red rash that often starts on the face and spreads to the body
- Mild fever
- Swollen lymph nodes in the neck or behind the ears
- Headache
- Tiredness
- Joint pain or stiffness, especially in adults
How Is It Diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and possible exposure to the virus. During the exam, they may look for signs such as a rash and swollen lymph nodes.
Blood tests are commonly used to confirm rubella infection or check for immunity. In pregnancy, additional testing may be recommended to evaluate possible exposure.
How Is It Treated?
There is no specific antiviral treatment for rubella. Care usually focuses on relieving symptoms while the body fights the infection.
Treatment may include:
- Rest
- Drinking plenty of fluids
- Over-the-counter fever or pain relief, such as acetaminophen
Most people recover within a few days to a week without long-term problems. Staying home while sick can help prevent spreading the virus to others.
Vaccination remains the best way to prevent rubella. The MMR vaccine provides strong protection against measles, mumps, and rubella.
