What Is Rectal Prolapse?
Rectal prolapse happens when part of the rectum slips down and pushes outside the anus. The rectum is the final section of the large intestine where stool is stored before a bowel movement.
Several factors can increase the risk of rectal prolapse, including:
- Chronic constipation
- Frequent straining during bowel movements
- Weak pelvic floor muscles
- Aging
- Childbirth-related pelvic injury
- Chronic diarrhea
- Neurologic conditions affecting muscle control
In the early stages, the prolapse may happen only during bowel movements and then move back inside on its own. Over time, the condition can become more noticeable and may require treatment.
Symptoms
Symptoms of rectal prolapse may start gradually and often worsen if the supporting muscles become weaker.
Common symptoms include:
- A bulge or tissue coming out of the anus
- Feeling pressure or fullness in the rectum
- Constipation or straining
- Leakage of stool or difficulty controlling bowel movements
- Mucus or bleeding from the rectum
- Anal pain, itching, or irritation
- Feeling that the bowel does not empty completely
- Needing to push the rectum back inside manually
How Is It Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose rectal prolapse with a physical examination and a review of symptoms and bowel habits.
Additional testing may include:
- Colonoscopy
- Defecography imaging
- MRI of the pelvic floor
- Anorectal manometry to evaluate muscle strength and coordination
These tests help determine the severity of the prolapse and identify other pelvic floor conditions that may be present.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment often begins with steps to reduce constipation and avoid straining.
Conservative treatment may include:
- Increasing fiber intake
- Drinking more fluids
- Stool softeners
- Regular exercise
- Pelvic floor therapy
If the prolapse is severe, painful, or affects quality of life, surgery may be recommended to repair and support the rectum.
Surgical treatment can often improve symptoms and restore bowel function, though recovery time depends on the type of procedure and overall health.
