What Is a Rathke Cleft Cyst?

A Rathke cleft cyst (RCC) is a noncancerous, fluid-filled cyst that forms near the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. It is a congenital condition, meaning it develops before birth. It occurs when a small part of fetal tissue called the Rathke pouch does not fully disappear during development.

There are no known lifestyle or environmental causes linked to RCC. Many RCCs are small and never cause symptoms. If the cyst grows larger, it may press on nearby structures and affect vision or hormone function.

Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the size of the cyst and whether it affects the pituitary gland or nearby nerves.

Common symptoms may include:

• Headaches
• Blurred or changed vision
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Hormone imbalances
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Low sex drive
• Excessive thirst or urination
• Delayed growth or puberty in children

How Is It Diagnosed?

Rathke cleft cysts are often discovered during imaging tests performed for another reason.

Healthcare providers may use:

• MRI scans of the brain and pituitary gland
• CT scans
• Blood tests to evaluate hormone levels
• Vision testing to check for pressure on the optic nerves

Because RCCs can resemble pituitary tumors on imaging, careful evaluation is important for an accurate diagnosis.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on the size of the cyst and whether symptoms are present.

Small cysts that do not cause symptoms may only need regular monitoring with imaging and follow-up visits.

If the cyst affects vision, hormone levels, or daily function, treatment may include surgery to drain or remove the cyst. Some people may also need hormone replacement therapy if pituitary function has been affected.

Many people experience symptom improvement after treatment, especially when pressure on nearby structures is relieved.