What Is Rabies?
Rabies is a serious viral infection that affects the brain and nervous system. The virus spreads through the saliva of infected animals, most often through bites, scratches, or open wounds.
Animals most commonly linked to rabies in the U.S. include:
- Bats
- Raccoons
- Skunks
- Foxes
- Coyotes
Unvaccinated pets and travel to areas where rabies is more common may also increase risk.
Rabies is rare in humans in the United States, but it remains a medical emergency. Once symptoms begin, the disease is almost always fatal without early treatment after exposure.
Symptoms
Symptoms may not appear right away and can develop weeks or even months after exposure.
Early symptoms may include:
- Fever
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Nausea
- Tingling, pain, or itching near the bite area
As the infection worsens, symptoms may include:
- Trouble swallowing
- Muscle spasms
- Confusion or agitation
- Excess saliva
- Fear of water
- Paralysis
How Is It Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers evaluate possible rabies exposure based on the type of animal involved, the details of the bite or scratch, and symptoms.
Testing in humans may include:
- Blood tests
- Saliva testing
- Spinal fluid testing
- Skin biopsy
Animals suspected of carrying rabies may also be tested in a laboratory.
Because rabies progresses quickly once symptoms begin, treatment decisions are often made before test results are confirmed.
How Is It Treated?
Rabies treatment should begin as soon as possible after a suspected exposure.
Immediate care includes:
- Washing the wound thoroughly with soap and water
- Seeking emergency medical attention
- Receiving rabies vaccine shots if recommended
- Receiving rabies immune globulin for high-risk exposures
There is no reliable cure once symptoms develop, which is why early treatment is so important.
Rabies can often be prevented by vaccinating pets, avoiding contact with wild animals, and getting prompt medical care after bites or scratches.
