What Is Pulmonary Emphysema?
Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic lung disease that damages the tiny air sacs in the lungs, called alveoli. Over time, these air sacs lose their flexibility and ability to exchange oxygen properly.
As the lungs become damaged, it becomes harder to breathe and move air out of the lungs. Emphysema is one form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema. Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke, chemical fumes, dust, and air pollution can also increase risk. A rare inherited condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency may also cause emphysema.
Symptoms
Symptoms often develop slowly and may gradually worsen over time. Many people first notice shortness of breath during physical activity.
Common symptoms may include:
- Shortness of breath
- Chronic cough
- Wheezing
- Chest tightness
- Fatigue
- Increased mucus production
- Trouble exercising or staying active
- Weight loss in advanced stages
How Is It Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose emphysema by reviewing symptoms, smoking history, and overall lung health. A physical exam and breathing assessment are important parts of evaluation.
Pulmonary function tests such as spirometry help measure airflow and lung capacity. Chest X-rays, CT scans, blood oxygen testing, and additional imaging may also help confirm the diagnosis and rule out other lung conditions.
How Is It Treated?
Although emphysema cannot be cured, treatment can help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Stopping smoking is one of the most important steps to slow lung damage.
Treatment may include inhaled medications that help open the airways, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and vaccines to help prevent respiratory infections. Exercise, healthy nutrition, and avoiding lung irritants can also help support breathing and daily activity.
For severe emphysema, providers may recommend procedures or surgery to remove damaged lung tissue or improve airflow. In advanced cases, lung transplantation may be considered.
