What Is a Pulmonary Embolism?
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, usually caused by a blood clot. In many cases, the clot begins in a deep vein in the leg, a condition called deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and then travels to the lungs.
A pulmonary embolism can reduce oxygen levels in the blood and place serious strain on the heart and lungs. Quick medical treatment is important to lower the risk of serious complications. Risk factors include long periods of inactivity, surgery, smoking, obesity, pregnancy, cancer, hormone medications, and inherited clotting disorders.
Symptoms
Symptoms of a pulmonary embolism can appear suddenly and may range from mild to severe depending on the size of the clot.
Common symptoms may include:
- Sudden shortness of breath
- Chest pain that may worsen with deep breathing
- Rapid heartbeat
- Coughing, sometimes with blood
- Dizziness or fainting
- Sweating or anxiety
- Leg swelling, pain, warmth, or redness
How Is It Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose PE by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and risk factors. A physical exam may include checking the legs for signs of deep vein thrombosis.
Tests commonly used to diagnose PE include blood tests such as a D-dimer test, CT pulmonary angiography, chest imaging, ultrasound of the legs, and heart monitoring tests like an EKG.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment focuses on stopping the clot from growing and preventing new clots from forming. Most people receive anticoagulant medications, also called blood thinners.
In severe cases, clot-dissolving medicines or procedures to remove the clot may be needed. Some patients may require hospitalization, oxygen therapy, or placement of a filter to help prevent future clots from reaching the lungs.
Prevention is also an important part of treatment. Staying active, using compression stockings, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking can help lower the risk of future blood clots.
