What Are Parasomnias?
Parasomnias are sleep disorders that cause unusual behaviors or experiences during sleep. These events may happen while falling asleep, during sleep, or when waking up.
Common parasomnias include sleepwalking, nightmares, night terrors, sleep talking, and bedwetting. While many parasomnias are harmless, some can interrupt sleep or increase the risk of injury.
Several factors can increase the risk of parasomnias. Stress, anxiety, lack of sleep, fever, certain medications, and other sleep disorders may all play a role. In some cases, family history or underlying medical conditions may contribute.
Symptoms
Parasomnia symptoms can vary depending on the type of sleep disorder and the person’s age. Many children experience parasomnias at some point, though adults can develop them as well.
Symptoms may include:
- Frequent nightmares
- Sleepwalking
- Talking or shouting during sleep
- Bedwetting
- Sudden fear or confusion at night
- Kicking, thrashing, or other movements during sleep
- Daytime tiredness caused by poor sleep
How Are They Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose parasomnias by reviewing symptoms, sleep habits, and medical history. Family members may also help describe nighttime behaviors that the person does not remember.
Some people may need additional testing, such as a sleep study, to monitor brain activity, breathing, and movement during sleep. Providers may also recommend keeping a sleep diary to track patterns and possible triggers.
How Are They Treated?
Treatment depends on the type of parasomnia and how severe the symptoms are. Many children improve over time without medical treatment.
Providers often recommend healthy sleep habits, stress reduction, and creating a safe sleep environment. Safety steps may include locking doors, using stair gates, or removing objects that could cause injury during sleepwalking episodes.
Behavioral therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may help some adults and children with ongoing symptoms. In certain cases, medications or treatment for an underlying sleep disorder may also be recommended.
