What Is Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Primary hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which one or more of the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). These small glands are located in the neck and help regulate calcium levels in the body.
When too much PTH is released, calcium levels in the blood rise. Over time, this can weaken bones, affect the kidneys, and cause a range of physical symptoms.
The condition is most often caused by a noncancerous growth on a parathyroid gland called an adenoma. In some cases, several glands become enlarged. Rarely, parathyroid cancer may be involved.
Symptoms
Some people with primary hyperparathyroidism do not notice symptoms at first. Others may develop symptoms related to high calcium levels and bone loss.
Symptoms may include:
- Fatigue
- Muscle weakness
- Bone or joint pain
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Constipation
- Nausea
- Abdominal discomfort
- Memory or concentration problems
- Mood changes
- Kidney stones
How Is It Diagnosed?
Primary hyperparathyroidism is often discovered during routine blood work that shows elevated calcium levels.
Healthcare providers may use several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:
- Blood tests for calcium and parathyroid hormone levels
- Urine testing
- Kidney function testing
- Bone density scans (DXA)
- Neck ultrasound or sestamibi imaging
These tests help evaluate bone health, kidney function, and identify which gland may be overactive.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment depends on symptoms, calcium levels, bone health, and kidney function.
Treatment options may include:
- Monitoring mild cases
- Staying well hydrated
- Medications to help manage calcium levels
- Medicines that protect bone strength
- Surgery to remove the affected gland
Many people experience significant improvement after surgery. Regular follow-up care can help monitor calcium levels and reduce the risk of future complications.
