What Are Pressure Injuries?

Pressure injuries are areas of damaged skin and tissue caused by constant pressure on the body. They often develop when someone stays in one position for a long time, such as lying in bed or sitting in a wheelchair.

These injuries most commonly form over bony areas like the heels, hips, tailbone, elbows, or shoulders. Pressure injuries happen when blood flow to the skin is reduced for too long. People at higher risk include those with limited mobility, poor circulation, diabetes, poor nutrition, or conditions that reduce sensation.

Without treatment, pressure injuries can become deeper wounds that affect muscles and bone.

Symptoms

Pressure injuries usually begin as irritated or discolored skin and can worsen if pressure is not relieved.

Symptoms may include:

• Red, purple, or darkened skin
• Pain or tenderness
• Warmth or itching
• Blisters or open sores
• Drainage or odor from the wound
• Fever or chills if infection develops

How Is It Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose pressure injuries by examining the skin and evaluating the depth of tissue damage.

Evaluation may include:

• Physical exam
• Skin assessment
• Wound staging
• Testing for infection when needed

Staging helps providers determine how severe the injury is and guides treatment planning.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment focuses on relieving pressure, protecting the skin, and helping the wound heal.

Treatment options may include:

• Frequent repositioning
• Special mattresses or cushions
• Wound dressings
• Cleaning and removing damaged tissue
• Nutritional support
• Antibiotics for infection
• Negative pressure wound therapy
• Surgery or skin grafting for severe injuries

Recovery depends on the size and severity of the wound as well as overall health. Early treatment can help prevent infection and improve healing.