What Is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)?

Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of physical and emotional symptoms that happen before a menstrual period. Symptoms usually begin in the days or weeks leading up to menstruation and often improve once the period starts.

PMS affects each person differently. Some women have mild symptoms, while others experience discomfort that interferes with daily activities, work, or sleep.

Symptoms

Hormone changes during the menstrual cycle are believed to play a major role in PMS. Changes in brain chemicals related to mood may also contribute to symptoms.

Common PMS symptoms include:

• Mood swings
• Irritability or anxiety
• Trouble sleeping
• Fatigue
• Bloating
• Breast tenderness
• Headaches
• Food cravings
• Acne flare-ups
• Trouble concentrating
• Constipation or diarrhea

Stress, lack of sleep, and lifestyle habits may make symptoms feel worse for some women.

How Is It Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose PMS by reviewing symptoms, menstrual history, and overall health.

Evaluation may include:

• Physical exam
• Pelvic exam
• Symptom tracking over several menstrual cycles

Keeping a symptom journal can help identify patterns and confirm that symptoms are connected to the menstrual cycle.

How Is It Treated?

Many women find relief through healthy lifestyle changes and symptom management strategies.

Treatment options may include:

• Regular exercise
• Balanced nutrition
• Limiting caffeine, salt, and alcohol
• Stress management
• Better sleep habits
• Pain-relief medicines such as NSAIDs
• Hormonal birth control
• Antidepressant medications in some cases
• Vitamin or mineral supplements when recommended

Most people can manage PMS successfully with a combination of lifestyle changes and medical support when needed.