What Is Polycystic Kidney Disease?
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited condition that causes fluid-filled cysts to grow inside the kidneys. Over time, these cysts can enlarge and interfere with how the kidneys filter waste and balance fluids in the body.
PKD is caused by inherited genetic changes passed through families. The two main forms are:
- Autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD), the most common type
- Autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD), a rarer form usually diagnosed in infancy or childhood
PKD can also affect other organs, including the liver and blood vessels. The condition varies from person to person, with some people developing symptoms later in life while others experience problems much earlier.
Symptoms
Symptoms often develop gradually as cysts grow larger and kidney function changes.
Common symptoms may include:
- Pain in the back, sides, or abdomen
- High blood pressure
- Blood in the urine
- Frequent urinary tract infections
- Kidney stones
- Enlarged abdomen
- Fatigue
- Frequent urination
Some people with PKD may also develop liver cysts, heart valve problems, or weakened blood vessels in the brain.
How Is It Diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose PKD using imaging tests, medical history, and family history.
Tests may include:
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- MRI
- Genetic testing
In some cases, PKD may be detected before birth through prenatal ultrasound imaging.
How Is It Treated?
There is no cure for PKD, but treatment can help manage symptoms and slow complications.
Treatment may include:
- Blood pressure medicines
- Pain management
- Treatment for urinary tract infections
- Monitoring kidney function
- Lifestyle changes to support kidney health
- Procedures to treat large or painful cysts
If kidney failure develops, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be needed.
Regular follow-up care is important to monitor kidney health and identify complications early.
