What Is a Pineal Tumor?

A pineal tumor is a rare growth that develops in the pineal gland, a small structure deep inside the brain. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that helps control the body’s sleep-wake cycle.

Pineal tumors can grow slowly or more aggressively depending on the tumor type. The exact cause of pineal tumors is not fully understood. Researchers believe genetic and environmental factors may play a role in some cases.

Symptoms

Symptoms often develop because the tumor increases pressure inside the skull or affects nearby areas of the brain.

Common symptoms may include:

• Headaches
• Nausea and vomiting
• Vision changes
• Trouble moving the eyes
• Balance or coordination problems
• Fatigue
• Memory or concentration difficulties

How Is It Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose pineal tumors using neurological exams, imaging tests, and sometimes tissue testing.

Tests may include:

• MRI
• CT scan in some cases
• Biopsy
• Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
• Blood tests

These tests help determine the type, size, and location of the tumor and whether it has affected nearby structures.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on the type of pineal tumor, how quickly it is growing, and whether it is causing pressure in the brain.

Treatment options may include:

• Surgery to remove part or all of the tumor
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Stereotactic radiosurgery
• Placement of a shunt to drain extra fluid from the brain

Many people need ongoing MRI scans after treatment to watch for recurrence or changes over time.