What Is Pilocytic Astrocytoma?

Pilocytic astrocytoma is a slow-growing tumor that forms in the brain or spinal cord. It develops from astrocytes, which are cells that help support and protect the nervous system.

The exact cause of pilocytic astrocytoma is not fully understood. Some inherited genetic conditions may increase the risk, including neurofibromatosis type 1 and certain rare genetic syndromes.

This type of tumor is most common in children and teens, but adults can develop it as well. Pilocytic astrocytomas are usually considered low-grade tumors, meaning they tend to grow slowly and are less likely to spread.

Symptoms

Symptoms depend on where the tumor is located and how much pressure it places on nearby brain tissue.

Common symptoms may include:

• Headaches
• Nausea or vomiting
• Balance or coordination problems
• Difficulty walking
• Vision changes
• Seizures
• Fatigue or weakness
• Personality or behavior changes

In infants, symptoms may include rapid head growth or bulging soft spots on the skull.

How Is It Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose pilocytic astrocytoma with neurological exams and imaging studies. MRI is the most common test used to look closely at the brain and spinal cord.

Testing may include:

• MRI
• CT scan
• Eye examination
• Biopsy or tissue testing

A biopsy helps confirm the tumor type and determine how quickly the cells are growing.

How Is It Treated?

Surgery is usually the first treatment for pilocytic astrocytoma. When the entire tumor can be removed safely, outcomes are often very good.

Additional treatment may be recommended if part of the tumor remains or if it grows back. These treatments can include:

• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted therapy
• Ongoing imaging and monitoring

Some tumors can block the normal flow of fluid around the brain. In these cases, a shunt may be placed to relieve pressure.

Most people with pilocytic astrocytoma do well after treatment, though regular follow-up care is important to watch for recurrence.