What Is Peritonitis?

Peritonitis is inflammation and infection of the tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen, called the peritoneum. It is usually caused by bacteria or other germs entering the abdominal cavity through a hole or tear in the digestive tract or another organ.

Peritonitis is commonly caused by an infection related to a burst appendix, perforated ulcer, diverticulitis, or injury to the digestive tract. It can also happen after abdominal surgery, trauma, pelvic infections, or complications from peritoneal dialysis.

Peritonitis is considered a medical emergency because the infection can spread quickly through the body. Prompt treatment is important to help prevent serious complications.

Symptoms

Peritonitis often causes sudden and severe abdominal pain. Symptoms can worsen quickly and may become life-threatening without treatment.

Symptoms may include:

• Severe belly pain or tenderness
• Swollen or firm abdomen
• Fever or chills
• Nausea and vomiting
• Trouble passing stool or gas
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness or fatigue
• Difficulty breathing
• Increased thirst
• Low blood pressure

How Is It Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose peritonitis by reviewing symptoms, performing a physical exam, and ordering tests to look for infection and inflammation.

Testing may include:

• Blood and urine tests
• Imaging studies such as CT scans or X-rays
• Sampling fluid from the abdomen
• MRI in some cases

If the source of infection is unclear or severe, surgery may be needed to identify and treat the problem.

How Is It Treated?

Peritonitis requires immediate hospital care. Treatment usually begins with IV antibiotics to fight infection and fluids to help stabilize the body.

Many people also need surgery to repair damaged organs or remove the source of infection. Additional treatment may be needed if complications such as sepsis or organ failure develop.

Recovery depends on how quickly treatment begins and the severity of the infection. Early medical care greatly improves the chance of recovery.