What is Peripheral Neuropathy?
Peripheral neuropathy happens when nerves outside the brain and spinal cord are damaged. These nerves carry signals between your body and your central nervous system, so when they’re affected, communication is disrupted. This can change how you feel, move, and even how certain body systems function.
Common causes and risk factors include:
- Diabetes or high blood sugar
- Kidney or hormone-related conditions
- Vitamin deficiencies or poor nutrition
- Alcohol use or toxin exposure
- Certain medications, including chemotherapy
- Infections or inherited nerve disorders
Symptoms
Peripheral neuropathy can look different from person to person, depending on which nerves are involved.
Common symptoms include:
- Numbness or reduced feeling, especially in hands or feet
- Tingling or burning sensations
- Sharp or aching pain
- Muscle weakness or cramping
- Trouble with balance or coordination
Some people may also notice changes in digestion, sweating, or blood pressure if automatic (autonomic) nerves are involved.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosing peripheral neuropathy starts with a detailed conversation about your symptoms and medical history. Your provider will perform a physical and neurological exam to check strength, reflexes, and sensation.
Additional tests may include:
- Blood work to look for underlying conditions
- Nerve function tests such as EMG or nerve conduction studies
- Imaging like MRI or CT scans
- In some cases, small tissue samples or genetic testing
These tests help identify the cause and determine the extent of nerve involvement.
How is it treated?
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and, whenever possible, addressing the root cause.
Treatments may include:
- Managing conditions like diabetes
- Medications to relieve nerve pain or calm nerve signals
- Physical therapy to improve strength and balance
- Topical treatments for localized pain
- Braces or orthotics to support movement
- In select cases, surgery to relieve nerve pressure
Peripheral neuropathy is often a long-term condition, but many people find relief and improved function with the right care plan.
