What Is Periodontal Disease?

Periodontal disease, also called gum disease, is an infection that affects the gums and the tissues that support the teeth. It usually begins with plaque buildup along the gumline.

The main cause of periodontal disease is plaque buildup. Other factors that can increase risk include:

• Poor oral hygiene
• Smoking or tobacco use
• Diabetes
• Hormonal changes
• Teeth grinding or clenching
• Certain medications
• Family history of gum disease

In the early stages, gum disease may cause mild irritation and bleeding. Without treatment, it can damage the gums and bone around the teeth, which may eventually lead to tooth loss.

Symptoms

Gum disease often develops slowly and may not cause pain at first. Early treatment can help prevent long-term damage.

Common symptoms include:

• Red or swollen gums
• Bleeding while brushing or flossing
• Tender gums
• Bad breath that does not go away
• Gums pulling away from the teeth
• Loose or shifting teeth
• Changes in how the teeth fit together

How Is It Diagnosed?

A dentist or periodontist can diagnose periodontal disease during a dental exam. Your provider will check the health of your gums and look for signs of infection or bone loss.

Diagnosis may include:

• Measuring spaces between the gums and teeth
• Dental X-rays
• Reviewing medical history and risk factors

These tests help determine how advanced the condition is and guide treatment planning.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on the severity of the disease. Early gum disease may improve with professional cleaning and better oral hygiene at home.

Common treatments include:

• Professional dental cleanings
• Scaling and root planing (deep cleaning)
• Antibacterial medicines
• Improved brushing and flossing habits

Advanced cases may require surgical treatment to repair damaged gum tissue or reduce deep pockets around the teeth.

Regular dental visits and daily oral care are important for preventing future problems and protecting long-term oral health.