What Is Pemphigus Vulgaris?
Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune condition that causes painful blisters and sores on the skin and inside the mouth. It happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy proteins that help keep skin cells connected.
The condition often starts with sores in the mouth before affecting other areas of the body. Pemphigus vulgaris is not contagious and cannot spread from person to person.
The exact cause is not fully understood, but the condition develops when the immune system attacks healthy skin tissue. Genetics may increase the risk, and certain medications or environmental triggers may contribute in some people.
Symptoms
Pemphigus vulgaris can affect the skin and mucous membranes, including the mouth, throat, eyes, and genitals. The blisters are often fragile and may break open easily.
Symptoms may include:
- Painful mouth sores
- Blisters on the skin
- Peeling or raw skin
- Burning or tenderness
- Difficulty eating or swallowing
- Slow-healing sores
- Darkened skin after blisters heal
How Is It Diagnosed?
A healthcare provider or dermatologist will review your symptoms, medical history, and examine the affected skin or mouth sores.
Testing may include:
- Blood tests
- Skin biopsy
- Tissue testing to look for autoimmune activity
Because other skin conditions can cause similar symptoms, careful evaluation is important for an accurate diagnosis.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment focuses on stopping new blisters, helping sores heal, and reducing discomfort. Many people need ongoing care to keep symptoms under control.
Treatment options may include:
- Corticosteroid medications
- Immunosuppressant medicines
- Biologic therapies
- Pain management
- Wound and skin care
- Specialized oral care for mouth sores
Severe cases may require hospital care, IV fluids, or advanced therapies such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis.
With treatment, many people experience symptom improvement, although flare-ups can still happen over time.
