What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that affects a woman’s reproductive organs. It can involve the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. If not treated early, PID can lead to scarring inside the pelvis, which may cause long-term pain or trouble getting pregnant.

What causes PID?

PID is often caused by bacteria that travel from the vagina into the reproductive organs. These bacteria are frequently linked to sexually transmitted infections, but not always.

Factors that increase risk include:

• Being sexually active, especially under age 25
• Having multiple partners or unprotected sex
• Recent insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD)
• Frequent douching

Symptoms

PID can develop quietly, but many people notice changes that signal a problem.

Common symptoms include:

• Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis
• Unusual vaginal discharge, often with a strong odor
• Fever or chills
• Pain during sex
• Burning or discomfort when urinating
• Nausea or vomiting

How is it diagnosed?

A healthcare provider will begin by discussing your symptoms and performing a pelvic exam. They may also use tests to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other conditions.

Common diagnostic steps include:

• Lab testing of vaginal or cervical samples
• Blood tests to check for infection
• Ultrasound imaging to view reproductive organs
• In some cases, minimally invasive procedures like laparoscopy

How is it treated?

Treatment for PID usually starts right away to prevent complications.

Early treatment options:

• Antibiotics taken by mouth
• Rest and close follow-up with your provider
• IV antibiotics in a hospital setting
• Monitoring for complications such as abscesses
• Surgery may be needed if there is severe damage or infection that doesn’t improve

Getting treatment early can help protect fertility and reduce the risk of long-term pain.