What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that affects hormone balance in women during their reproductive years. It can interfere with how the ovaries function, especially during ovulation.

PCOS doesn’t just affect the reproductive system; it can also impact metabolism, skin, and overall health if left unmanaged.

The exact cause isn’t fully understood, but several factors play a role. Many people with PCOS have insulin resistance, which can increase hormone imbalances. Genetics may also contribute, especially if close family members have the condition.

Symptoms

PCOS can look different for each person, but many symptoms are tied to hormone changes.

Common symptoms include:

• Irregular or missed periods
• Extra hair growth on the face, chest, or body
• Acne or oily skin
• Thinning hair on the scalp
• Weight gain, especially around the abdomen
• Difficulty becoming pregnant
• Darkened skin patches or small skin growths

How is it diagnosed?

There isn’t a single test for PCOS, so your provider will look at the full picture. This usually starts with a conversation about your symptoms and health history, followed by a physical and pelvic exam.

Additional tests may include:

• Blood work to check hormone levels, blood sugar, and cholesterol
• Ultrasound imaging to look at the ovaries and the uterine lining

How is it treated?

Treatment for PCOS is personalized based on your symptoms and goals, including whether you want to become pregnant.

Early treatment often focuses on lifestyle changes:

• Balanced nutrition
• Regular physical activity
• Weight management, if needed

Medications may also help:

• Hormonal birth control to regulate periods and lower hormone levels
• Medications that support ovulation
• Treatments that improve how the body uses insulin
• Options to manage acne or excess hair growth

While PCOS doesn’t go away completely, many people successfully manage their symptoms with the right care plan. Ongoing treatment can also lower the risk of complications like diabetes or heart disease.