What is Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease is a condition that affects how the brain controls movement. It develops slowly over time as certain brain cells stop working properly. These cells normally produce dopamine, a chemical that helps your muscles move smoothly.

As dopamine levels drop, movements can become slower, stiffer, and harder to control.

What causes it?

The exact cause isn’t fully understood. Most experts believe it results from a mix of genetic factors and environmental exposures. Aging is the biggest risk factor, and having a close family member with Parkinson’s disease may increase your chances.

Symptoms

Parkinson’s disease affects each person differently, but symptoms usually begin gradually.

Common symptoms include:

• Shaking or tremor, often starting in one hand
• Stiff or tight muscles
• Slowed movement
• Trouble with balance or posture
• Shuffling steps or difficulty walking
• Softer or slurred speech
• Smaller handwriting

Some people also experience non-movement symptoms such as sleep problems, constipation, depression, or a reduced sense of smell.

How is it diagnosed?

There is no single test to confirm Parkinson’s disease. Your provider will review your medical history and perform a detailed neurological exam.

They may watch how your symptoms develop over time and evaluate how your body responds to certain medications. Imaging tests like MRI or CT scans may be used to rule out other conditions.

How is it treated?

While Parkinson’s disease cannot be cured, many treatments can help manage symptoms and improve daily life.

Treatment options include:

• Medications that help replace or mimic dopamine
• Regular exercise to improve strength and mobility
• Physical, occupational, and speech therapy
• Deep brain stimulation (a surgical treatment that helps control movement symptoms)

With the right care plan, many people continue to live active and independent lives for years after diagnosis.