What Is a Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor?
A pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) is a rare type of tumor that forms in hormone-producing cells of the pancreas. These cells help regulate important body functions such as blood sugar and digestion.
Some pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors produce extra hormones that can lead to noticeable symptoms. Others may grow quietly and are often discovered during imaging tests or after they become larger.
The exact cause of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is not known. Certain inherited genetic conditions can raise the risk. Smoking, chronic pancreatitis, heavy alcohol use, and type 2 diabetes may also increase the chance of developing these tumors.
Symptoms
Symptoms can vary depending on the type of tumor and whether it affects hormone levels in the body. Some people may notice digestive problems, while others experience changes related to blood sugar.
Possible symptoms include:
- Belly or back pain
- Diarrhea
- Unexplained weight loss
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
- Frequent stomach ulcers or acid reflux
- Weakness or fatigue
- Shakiness or dizziness
- Increased thirst or urination
- Nausea or indigestion
- Skin rash or flushing
How Is It Diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and family history before performing a physical exam. Blood and urine tests may help identify unusual hormone levels linked to the tumor.
Imaging tests are commonly used to locate and evaluate the tumor. These may include:
- CT scan
- MRI
- Ultrasound
- Specialized nuclear imaging scans
A biopsy is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine whether the tumor is cancerous. Additional testing may help identify the stage of the tumor and how quickly it is growing.
How Is It Treated?
Treatment depends on the type of tumor, whether it has spread, and your overall health. Surgery is often the first treatment when the tumor can be safely removed.
Other treatment options may include:
- Active monitoring for slow-growing tumors
- Medicines to control hormone-related symptoms
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted therapy
- Hormone therapy
- Ablation treatments that use heat or freezing to destroy tumor cells
Supportive care can also help manage symptoms such as diarrhea, dehydration, or blood sugar changes. Many people need ongoing follow-up care to monitor their condition and response to treatment.
