What is an Ovarian Cyst?

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled pocket that develops on or inside an ovary. These are common and often form as part of the normal monthly cycle when the ovaries release an egg.

Most ovarian cysts are harmless and go away on their own. In some cases, they can grow larger or cause discomfort and may need medical attention.

Possible causes and risk factors include:

• Normal ovulation (most common cause)
• Hormonal imbalances
• Conditions like PCOS or endometriosis
• Pregnancy
• Pelvic infections
• Fertility medications

Symptoms

Ovarian cysts don’t always cause symptoms. When they do, they often relate to pressure or changes in the ovary.

Common symptoms may include:

• Pain or pressure in the lower abdomen
• Bloating or a feeling of fullness
• Pain during intercourse
• Changes in the menstrual cycle
• Lower back discomfort

In rare situations, a cyst can rupture or twist, causing sudden, severe pain and requiring urgent care.

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will begin with a discussion about your symptoms and medical history, followed by a pelvic exam.

If a cyst is suspected, imaging—usually an ultrasound—is used to confirm its size and type. Additional tests, such as blood work or an MRI, may be recommended to gather more information or rule out other conditions.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on the type of cyst, your symptoms, and your overall health.

Many ovarian cysts go away without treatment. In these cases, your provider may recommend monitoring with follow-up visits or imaging.

If treatment is needed, options may include:

• Pain relief and observation
• Hormonal birth control to help prevent new cysts
• Antibiotics if infection is present
• Surgery to remove the cyst if it is large, persistent, or concerning

Most people recover well, especially when cysts are identified early and managed appropriately.