What is osteosarcoma?
Osteosarcoma is a rare type of bone cancer that begins in cells responsible for building bone. These abnormal cells grow rapidly and form weakened bone tissue rather than healthy bone.
It most often develops in growing bones, especially around the knee or upper arm. While it can affect anyone, it is most commonly seen in children, teens, and young adults.
The exact cause isn’t fully understood, but it is linked to changes in the DNA of bone cells.
Factors that may increase risk include:
- Rapid growth during teenage years
- Prior radiation treatment
- Certain inherited genetic conditions
- Some noncancerous bone diseases
Symptoms
Osteosarcoma symptoms often start gradually and may feel like common bone or joint problems at first.
Common symptoms include:
- Ongoing bone pain that gets worse over time
- Swelling or a noticeable lump near a bone
- Pain during movement or activity
- Limping or reduced use of a limb
- Bone fractures without a clear injury
How is it diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will begin with a physical exam and review of your symptoms. If osteosarcoma is suspected, imaging tests are used to look at the bone and surrounding tissues.
Common diagnostic tools include:
- X-rays to identify abnormal bone changes
- MRI or CT scans to see the size and extent of the tumor
- Bone scans or PET scans to check for spread
- A biopsy to confirm the diagnosis by examining tissue under a microscope
Blood tests may also be used to support the evaluation.
How is it treated?
Treatment for osteosarcoma usually involves a combination of therapies. Care is tailored to each person based on age, tumor location, and how far the cancer has spread.
Treatment options may include:
- Chemotherapy to shrink the tumor and target cancer cells throughout the body
- Surgery to remove the tumor, often while preserving as much normal limb function as possible
- Radiation therapy in certain cases where surgery isn’t enough or isn’t possible
- Rehabilitation to restore strength, movement, and daily function
Recovery varies from person to person. Many patients need ongoing follow-up care to monitor for recurrence and manage the long-term effects of treatment.
