What Is Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition that causes bones to become thin, weak, and easier to break. It develops slowly over time as bone density decreases. Many people do not realize they have osteoporosis until they experience a fracture after a minor fall or everyday activity.

Several factors can increase the risk of osteoporosis, including:

• Aging
• Menopause and lower hormone levels
• Low calcium or vitamin D intake
• Limited physical activity
• Smoking or heavy alcohol use
• Certain medications, including long-term steroid use
• Some medical conditions that affect hormones, digestion, or the immune system
• Family history of osteoporosis
• Small body frame or low body weight

The condition most often affects the hips, spine, and wrists, but it can weaken bones throughout the body.

Symptoms

Osteoporosis often develops without obvious warning signs in the early stages. As bones become weaker, symptoms may begin to appear.

Common symptoms include:

• Back pain
• Broken bones after minor injuries or falls
• Loss of height over time
• A stooped or hunched posture

How Is It Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers diagnose osteoporosis by reviewing your medical history, symptoms, and risk factors. A physical exam may also help identify posture changes, balance problems, or height loss related to weakened bones.

A DEXA scan is the most common test used to measure bone density. This painless imaging test helps determine how strong your bones are and whether treatment may be needed. In some cases, blood tests may also be used to look for conditions that contribute to bone loss.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment for osteoporosis focuses on protecting bone strength and lowering the risk of fractures. Many people begin with lifestyle changes that support healthier bones.

Treatment options may include:

• Weight-bearing and strength-building exercises
• Balance training to help prevent falls
• Calcium and vitamin D supplements
• Nutrition counseling
• Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol use

Medications may also be recommended to slow bone loss or help build stronger bone tissue. Some treatments are taken by mouth, while others are given by injection or infusion. Your healthcare provider will recommend a treatment plan based on your bone density, fracture risk, and overall health.

With early care and ongoing management, many people with osteoporosis can stay active and maintain their independence.