What is Osteomyelitis?
Osteomyelitis is a serious infection inside a bone. The infection causes swelling and inflammation that can damage bone tissue if it is not treated promptly. Osteomyelitis can affect people of any age and may develop quickly or slowly over time.
Osteomyelitis is normally caused by bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus. The infection may travel through the bloodstream or enter the bone through a wound, fracture, or surgical procedure.
Certain factors can increase the risk of developing osteomyelitis, including:
- Diabetes
- Poor circulation
- A weakened immune system
- Recent surgery or bone injury
- Implanted medical devices or joint replacements
- Injection drug use
The condition most often happens when bacteria enter the body through the bloodstream, an injury, or surgery. In some cases, the infection can spread from nearby tissue into the bone.
Symptoms
Symptoms can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. Some people develop sudden symptoms, while others notice symptoms that worsen gradually.
Common symptoms may include:
- Bone pain or tenderness
- Swelling, redness, or warmth near the affected area
- Fever or chills
- Fatigue or feeling generally unwell
- Trouble walking or putting weight on a limb
- Reduced movement near a joint
- Back pain or stiffness when the spine is involved
- Limping in children
How is it diagnosed?
Doctors diagnose osteomyelitis by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and performing a physical exam. Blood tests may be used to look for signs of infection and inflammation.
Imaging tests help providers see changes in the bone and surrounding tissue. These tests may include X-rays, MRI scans, CT scans, or bone scans. In some cases, a bone biopsy or culture is needed to confirm the diagnosis and identify the bacteria causing the infection.
How is it treated?
Treatment for osteomyelitis focuses on clearing the infection and protecting the bone from further damage. Antibiotics are usually the first step and may be given through an IV for more severe infections.
Pain management, rest, and limiting movement of the affected area can also support healing. If the infection has damaged bone or formed an abscess, surgery may be needed to remove infected tissue or drain fluid.
Recovery time depends on how severe the infection is and how early treatment begins. Some people improve within weeks, while chronic infections may require longer treatment and ongoing follow-up care.
