What is osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is a common joint condition that develops when the protective cartilage in your joints wears down over time. This cushioning normally helps joints move smoothly, but when it breaks down, bones can rub against each other.

It most often affects the knees, hips, hands, and spine, and is more likely to occur as we age.

Osteoarthritis can develop for several reasons. In many cases, it’s related to normal wear and tear on the joints. Other contributing factors include:

• Previous joint injuries
• Repetitive stress from work or activities
• Excess body weight, which increases pressure on joints
• Family history or inherited joint traits

Symptoms

Osteoarthritis symptoms usually appear gradually and may worsen over time. They often affect how easily you can move and perform daily activities.

Common symptoms include:

• Joint pain during or after movement
• Stiffness, especially in the morning or after sitting
• Decreased flexibility
• A grinding or clicking feeling with motion
• Swelling around the joint

How is it diagnosed?

Your provider will begin with a conversation about your symptoms and a physical exam of the affected joints. They will check for pain, swelling, and how well the joint moves.

Imaging tests, such as X-rays, are commonly used to confirm the diagnosis and detect changes, such as cartilage loss or bone growths.

How is it treated?

While osteoarthritis cannot be reversed, many treatments can help reduce discomfort and improve movement.

Early care often focuses on simple approaches:

• Regular low-impact exercise to keep joints flexible
• Physical therapy to strengthen the surrounding muscles
• Weight management to reduce joint strain
• Heat therapy to ease stiffness
• Low-dose radiation therapy

Medications may be recommended to manage pain, including over-the-counter or prescription options. Some people benefit from injections that provide temporary relief inside the joint.

If symptoms become severe and limit daily life, surgical options such as joint repair or replacement may be considered.