What is obstructive sleep apnea?
Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. This happens when the airway becomes blocked, often because the muscles in the throat relax too much. These pauses can occur many times throughout the night, lowering oxygen levels and disrupting rest.
Over time, this can affect how well your body functions during the day and may increase the risk of other health problems.
Common causes and risk factors include:
- Excess weight or obesity
- Relaxed throat muscles during sleep
- A naturally narrow airway
- Large neck size
- Family history of sleep apnea
- Smoking or alcohol use
- Chronic nasal congestion
- Enlarged tonsils or adenoids (especially in children)
Symptoms
Obstructive sleep apnea often develops gradually, and many people don’t realize they have it. A partner or family member may notice symptoms first.
Common symptoms include:
- Loud, ongoing snoring
- Pauses in breathing during sleep
- Gasping or choking at night
- Feeling tired even after a full night’s sleep
- Morning headaches
- Trouble focusing or remembering things
- Mood changes, such as irritability
How is it diagnosed?
To diagnose obstructive sleep apnea, your provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and sleep habits. A physical exam may also be performed to evaluate your airway.
Most people need a sleep study to confirm the diagnosis. This test tracks breathing, oxygen levels, heart rate, and sleep patterns overnight. It can be done in a sleep center or sometimes at home with portable equipment.
How is it treated?
Treatment focuses on keeping your airway open so you can breathe normally during sleep.
Common treatment options include:
- Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy to deliver steady airflow
- Custom oral devices that help keep the airway open
- Weight loss and healthy lifestyle changes
- Sleeping on your side instead of your back
- Avoiding alcohol and sedatives before bedtime
If these approaches aren’t effective, other options may include surgery to remove or adjust tissue blocking the airway. Children with sleep apnea may benefit from having their tonsils or adenoids removed.
With proper treatment, many people notice better sleep, improved energy, and a lower risk of related health conditions.
