What is Nephrotic Syndrome?
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney condition that happens when the kidneys’ filtering system becomes damaged. These filters normally help keep important proteins in the blood, but when they are injured, protein can leak into the urine.
Several conditions can damage the kidneys’ filtering units and lead to nephrotic syndrome. Possible causes include:
- Diabetes
- Autoimmune diseases such as lupus
- Certain infections
- Some medications
- Diseases that directly affect the kidneys
As protein leaves the body, fluid can build up in different areas, causing swelling and other symptoms. Nephrotic syndrome can affect both children and adults and may be linked to other health conditions that impact the kidneys.
Symptoms
Nephrotic syndrome can develop gradually or appear more suddenly. Symptoms are often related to fluid buildup and changes in kidney function.
Common symptoms may include:
- Swelling around the eyes, feet, ankles, legs, or abdomen
- Foamy or bubbly urine
- Weight gain from fluid retention
- Feeling tired or weak
- Loss of appetite
How is it diagnosed?
A healthcare provider will review your symptoms, medical history, and perform a physical exam. Testing is used to look for protein loss and evaluate how well the kidneys are working.
Common tests may include:
- Urine tests to measure protein levels
- Blood tests to check kidney function and blood protein levels
- Blood pressure checks
- Kidney imaging, such as an ultrasound
- A kidney biopsy in some cases to identify the exact cause
How is it treated?
Treatment focuses on protecting kidney function, reducing symptoms, and treating the condition causing the damage.
Many people begin with conservative treatments, including:
- Medications to help lower protein loss
- Diuretics to reduce swelling
- Blood pressure management
- Limiting sodium in the diet
- Monitoring cholesterol and kidney health
If nephrotic syndrome is linked to an autoimmune or inflammatory condition, additional medications may be needed to control the immune system.
Recovery varies from person to person. Some people respond well to treatment and see symptoms improve, while others may need ongoing care to help prevent long-term kidney damage.
