What Is the Menstrual Cycle?

The menstrual cycle is the body’s natural monthly process that prepares for pregnancy. During each cycle, hormones help an egg mature and release from an ovary. The lining of the uterus also thickens to support a possible pregnancy.

Several factors can influence menstrual cycles, including:

• Puberty and normal hormonal changes
• Stress
• Significant weight changes
• Intense exercise
• Nutrition and eating habits
• Certain medical conditions or hormone imbalances

It is common for cycles to be irregular during the first few years after periods begin. Cycle length can vary from person to person, but many menstrual cycles last about 28 days.

Symptoms

Hormones control each phase of the menstrual cycle. Changes in hormone levels can affect both physical and emotional symptoms throughout the month.

Common symptoms may include:

• Vaginal bleeding during a period
• Mild cramping or pelvic pain
• Bloating
• Breast tenderness
• Mood changes
• Light spotting around ovulation

How Is It Diagnosed?

Healthcare providers usually evaluate menstrual concerns by reviewing cycle patterns, symptoms, and medical history. They may also perform a physical exam.

If periods are very irregular, unusually painful, very heavy, or absent, additional testing may be recommended. This can include blood tests to check hormone levels or imaging tests such as ultrasound.

How Is It Treated?

Treatment depends on the cause of menstrual symptoms or irregular cycles. Many people benefit from simple lifestyle changes, including stress reduction, balanced nutrition, and regular physical activity.

When symptoms interfere with daily life, providers may recommend medications or hormonal treatments to help regulate cycles and manage discomfort. If an underlying condition is found, treatment will focus on addressing that issue.

For adolescents, irregular periods may improve naturally as the body matures and hormone levels stabilize.