What is meningitis?
Meningitis is a condition where the protective layers around the brain and spinal cord become inflamed. This swelling is most often caused by an infection, but it can also happen due to other medical conditions. Some forms are mild, while others can become serious very quickly.
Meningitis is usually caused by infections:
- Viruses are the most common cause and are often less severe
- Bacteria can lead to serious illness and require urgent care
- Fungi may affect people with weakened immune systems
In some cases, meningitis is not caused by an infection. Certain medications, autoimmune conditions, or cancer can also lead to inflammation.
Symptoms
Meningitis symptoms can develop suddenly and may worsen over time. Knowing the signs can help you seek care quickly.
Common symptoms include:
- Fever
- Severe headache
- Stiff neck
- Nausea or vomiting
- Sensitivity to light
- Confusion or trouble focusing
- Drowsiness or difficulty staying awake
- Seizures
In babies and young children, symptoms may look different, such as irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, or unusual crying.
How is it diagnosed?
To diagnose meningitis, your provider will begin with a physical exam and review your symptoms. Because this condition can affect the nervous system, a careful evaluation is important.
The most important test is a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), which collects fluid from around the spinal cord to check for infection. Blood tests may also be used to look for signs of illness. In some cases, imaging such as a CT scan or MRI helps rule out other conditions.
How is it treated?
Treatment depends on the cause of the inflammation.
- Bacterial meningitis requires immediate treatment with intravenous (IV) antibiotics. Early care is critical to prevent complications.
- Viral meningitis is often managed with rest, fluids, and medications to ease symptoms. Some cases may benefit from antiviral medication.
- Other types are treated by addressing the underlying cause.
Supportive care is important for all patients. This may include pain relief, fever control, and close monitoring. People with severe illness may need hospital care, including breathing support.
Recovery varies. Many people with viral meningitis recover fully, while bacterial meningitis can take longer and may lead to complications if not treated quickly.
