What is Ménière disease?
Ménière disease is a long-term condition that affects the inner ear, which helps control both hearing and balance. People with this disorder may experience sudden episodes of dizziness, hearing changes, and a feeling of pressure in the ear.
The exact cause of Ménière disease is not always clear. Several factors may play a role, including:
- Problems with fluid balance in the inner ear
- Viral infections
- Allergies
- Migraine conditions
- Autoimmune disorders
- Head injuries
- Family history of the condition
The condition is thought to happen when fluid builds up in the inner ear. Symptoms can come and go without warning and may vary from person to person.
Symptoms
Ménière disease can affect daily activities because symptoms often appear unexpectedly. Many people notice periods when symptoms become more intense, followed by times when they improve.
Common symptoms include:
- Episodes of vertigo, or a spinning sensation
- Nausea or vomiting during vertigo attacks
- Ringing or buzzing in the ear (tinnitus)
- Hearing loss that may come and go
- Muffled hearing, especially for lower sounds
- A feeling of fullness or pressure in the ear
- Trouble with balance
- Headaches
How is it diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose Ménière disease by reviewing symptoms, medical history, and hearing changes. Because other conditions can cause similar symptoms, testing is often needed to rule out other problems.
Diagnostic testing may include:
- Hearing tests to measure hearing loss
- Balance testing to evaluate inner ear function
- MRI scans to rule out other neurological conditions
- Specialized inner ear testing when needed
An ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist or audiologist may be part of your care team.
How is it treated?
Although there is no cure for Ménière disease, treatment can help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. Many people find relief through a combination of lifestyle changes and medical care.
Conservative treatments may include:
- Limiting salt in the diet
- Reducing caffeine and alcohol intake
- Managing stress
- Medications to control dizziness or nausea
- Medicines that help reduce fluid buildup
- Hearing aids for hearing loss
If symptoms become severe or difficult to control, additional treatments may be recommended. These can include injections, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, or surgical procedures.
Because symptoms can change over time, ongoing follow-up care is important. Many people are able to manage the condition successfully with the right treatment plan.
