What is male infertility?

Male infertility happens when a man’s reproductive system cannot successfully help start a pregnancy. This may be due to problems with sperm production, sperm quality, or how sperm are delivered.

It’s a common condition with many possible causes. Certain lifestyle and health factors can also play a role, such as:

• Tobacco, alcohol, or drug use
• Exposure to heat or environmental toxins
• Past injuries or surgeries involving the testicles
• Chronic health conditions or certain medications

Symptoms

Most men with infertility do not notice clear symptoms. Often, the first sign is difficulty achieving pregnancy after a year of regular, unprotected sex.

Male infertility can be linked to several factors, including:

• Low sperm count or poor sperm movement
• Abnormally shaped or unhealthy sperm
• Blockages that prevent sperm from being released
• Hormone imbalances affecting sperm production
• Infections or inflammation in the reproductive system
• Enlarged veins in the scrotum (varicocele)
• Genetic conditions
• Sexual health concerns, such as difficulty with erections or ejaculation

How is it diagnosed?

A healthcare provider will begin with a review of your health history and a physical exam. Because infertility can involve more than one factor, both partners are often evaluated.

Common tests may include:

• Semen analysis to check sperm count, movement, and shape
• Blood tests to evaluate hormone levels
• Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound, are used to look for structural concerns
• Specialized testing, including biopsy, in certain situations

These steps help identify the cause and guide treatment.

How is it treated?

Treatment depends on what is affecting fertility. Many cases can be improved with targeted care.

Options may include:

Treatment includes

• Lifestyle changes, such as reducing alcohol or quitting smoking
• Medications to treat infections or balance hormones
• Assisted reproductive techniques, such as intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
• Surgical procedures to correct blockages or improve sperm flow
• Surgical procedures to repair conditions like a varicocele

Recovery and outcomes vary. Some men see improvement with treatment, while others may benefit from fertility assistance options.