What is Lyme Disease?
Lyme disease is an infection spread through the bite of an infected tick. It is caused by a type of bacteria that enters the body through the skin and can affect different systems over time.
If treated early, most people recover quickly. Without treatment, the infection can spread and lead to more serious health concerns.
Causes and risk factors:
- Bite from an infected black-legged tick
- Spending time in wooded, grassy, or brush-filled areas
- Outdoor activities like hiking, camping, or yard work
- Pets that may carry ticks indoors
Symptoms
Lyme disease symptoms can change over time as the infection progresses. Early signs are often mild and may be easy to miss.
Common symptoms include:
- A red rash that slowly expands (sometimes shaped like a bullseye)
- Fever and chills
- Headache and fatigue
- Muscle and joint aches
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Facial weakness or drooping
- Joint swelling, especially in the knees
- Irregular heartbeat or chest discomfort
- Numbness, tingling, or memory problems
How is it diagnosed?
Healthcare providers diagnose Lyme disease by reviewing your symptoms and asking about possible tick exposure. A distinct rash is often enough to begin treatment early. Blood tests may be performed if symptoms have been present for several weeks.
How is it treated?
Treatment usually begins with antibiotics, which are highly effective when started early.
Common treatment options include:
- Oral antibiotics for early-stage infection (typically a few weeks)
- Longer or intravenous antibiotics for more advanced cases
- Preventive antibiotics in certain situations after a high-risk tick bite
If treatment is delayed, symptoms may take longer to improve, and complications can develop.
